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Settlers had to depend on what they could hunt and gather plus what they brought with them and on uncertain shipments of food, tools and supplies until they could build shelters and forts, clear land and grow enough food and build gristmills, sawmills, iron works and blacksmith shops to be self- supporting. They also had to defend themselves against hostile Native Americans. After permanent settlements were established population growth of the North American British colonies was very rapid due to high birth rates (8 children per family versus 4 in Europe) and lower death rates than in Europe, and immigration. The warmer climate of the colonies compared to Europe also contributed to longer life expectancy; however, the death rate from diseases was higher in the warm, humid southern colonies than in New England. The higher birth rate was due to better employment opportunities. Many young adults in Europe delayed marriage for financial reasons. Also there were many servants in Europe who were not permitted to marry. In 1. 69. 0 there were an estimated 1. The population grew at an annual rate of over 3% throughout the 1. The three most populated colonies in 1. Virginia, with a 2. Pennsylvania and Massachusetts with 1. The economy. Farm households also were engaged in handicraft production, mostly for home consumption, but with some goods sold. The most important agricultural exports were raw and processed feed grains (wheat, Indian corn, rice, bread and flour) and tobacco. Dried and salted fish was also a significant export. North Carolina was the leading producer of naval stores, which included turpentine (used for lamps), rosin (candles and soap), tar (rope and wood preservative) and pitch (ships' hulls). Another export was potash, which was derived from hardwood ashes and was used as a fertilizer and for making soap and glass. 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In the towns and cities, there was strong entrepreneurship, and a steady increase in the specialization of labor. Wages for men went up steadily before 1. The region bordered New France, and in the numerous wars the British poured money in to purchase supplies, build roads and pay colonial soldiers. The coastal ports began to specialize in fishing, international trade and shipbuilding—and after 1. Combined with growing urban markets for farm products, these factors allowed the economy to flourish despite the lack of technological innovation. The American Revolution cut off imports from Britain, and stimulated a manufacturing sector that made heavy use of the entrepreneurship and mechanical skills of the people. In the second half of the 1. In agriculture there was a shift from grain to animal products. He argues they grew from small villages to take major leadership roles in promoting trade, land speculation, immigration, and prosperity, and in disseminating the ideas of the Enlightenment, and new methods in medicine and technology. Furthermore, they sponsored a consumer taste for English amenities, developed a distinctly American educational system, and began systems for care of people meeting welfare. The cities were not remarkable by European standards, but they did display certain distinctly American characteristics, according to Bridenbaugh. There was no aristocracy or established church, there was no long tradition of powerful guilds. The colonial governments were much less powerful and intrusive and corresponding national governments in Europe. They experimented with new methods to raise revenue, build infrastructure, and solve urban problems. Contrasted to Europe, printers (especially as newspaper editors) had a much larger role in shaping public opinion, and lawyers moved easily back and forth between politics and their profession. Bridenbaugh argues that by the mid- 1. He characterizes them as . The colony of South Carolina was settled mainly by planters from the overpopulated sugar island colony of Barbados, who brought large numbers of African slaves from that island. In explaining the importance of the cities in shaping the American Revolution, Benjamin Carp compares the important role of waterfront workers, taverns, churches, kinship networks, and local politics. Nash emphasizes the role of the working class, and their distrust of their betters, in northern ports. He argues that working class artisans and skilled craftsmen made up a radical element in Philadelphia that took control of the city starting about 1. Democratic form of government during the revolution. 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Damien Carrick: So last week the UK parliament's intelligence committee released a report on Reyaad Khan's death and they said, look, we don't have enough information to decide whether or not the attack was necessary and proportionate. But they expressed profound disappointment with the lack of information given to them by government about whether or not he satisfied their questions about whether or not he posed an imminent threat and whether the attack was therefore proportionate. Acknowledging he was a threat they said 'there is nevertheless a question as to how the threat was quantified and in this instance whether the actions of Khan amounted to an armed attack against the UK or Iraq.' What's your response to that assessment and to those conclusions of that parliamentary inquiry? Sara Smyth: Well, both the US and the UK have argued that they are exercising a collective right of self- defence on behalf of Iraq. And the basis of this is because Iraq has the right to self- defence against ISIS in both Iraq and Syria. It also has the right to ask its allies for collective self- defence in both countries. The US and the UK as well have been maintaining for quite some time that they are facing a ruthless sub- state adversary that has no allegiance to any particular country, that abides by no laws and that poses an imminent threat to world peace and security. And the fact is as well that terrorist groups like Al Qaeda, the Taliban and ISIS most often don't wear uniforms, they don't carry arms openly or abide by the conventional laws of war. So instead they terrorise and kill civilian populations by bombing buildings and aeroplanes, kidnapping and murdering journalists and so on. So both the US and the UK have maintained that secrecy is necessary around these strikes. So we don't have a lot of information around them. They are part of highly classified information and operations, but at the same time they are arguing that they are exercising their collective right of self- defence on behalf of Iraq. Damien Carrick: This case involved a drone killing by UK forces, but of course most drone strikes are by the US forces. Do we know how many thousands of strikes have there been over, say, the last 1. US forces? Sara Smyth: Well, historically of course drones were used to collect intelligence. However, during the last 1. Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen, Somalia, and now in Syria. And they are being used generally to target those who are deemed to be affiliated with ISIS, Al Qaeda, the Taliban and Al Shabaab. And during the last 1. Damien Carrick: But we don't have any firm figures about the number of people killed and how many of them are civilians, innocent bystanders. Sara Smyth: The US government has recently released figures around the number of civilian casualties that have occurred over the last 1. However, it's very difficult to get at the heart of those statistics, particularly given that they conflict with the reports that we've seen coming out of other human rights organisations and news organisations that would suggest that the number of civilian casualties are actually much higher than the US government has disclosed. Damien Carrick: According to the London based Bureau of Investigative Journalism, more than 7,0. Obama presidency. Of those it suggests 9. That's one list, but are they a reputable organisation, do we know? Sara Smyth: Yes, I would say that they are. Damien Carrick: There were reports last week that US drone killed three or four Al Qaeda operatives in Yemen. And according to Reuters the drone also killed three civilians. The three operatives were travelling in a car when the drone attacked, three civilians just happened to be passing by when they died. These sorts of instances are totally common, aren't they. Sara Smyth: Yes, and past experience in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan in particular tells us that the scale and frequency of civilian deaths are perhaps disproportionate to the military advantage that drone strikes offer. Not only can we point to the high number of civilian casualties, those who happen to be present or near someone who is targeted as a terrorist when the drone strike occurs, but there has also been increasing opposition within civilian populations, and thereby deepening and prolonging the conflict. Damien Carrick: And turning the population against the US. Sara Smyth: Absolutely. In fact, the killing of civilians in drone strikes has become a major inspiration for ISIS and other terrorist groups. And in fact it has been said to be the most important driving force for terrorism around the world. Damien Carrick: And then on the back of that you also have from the back in February I think one of the major figures in Al Qaeda was killed in Afghanistan and that was talked about as being a very major victory against Al Qaeda. Sara Smyth: Yes, and there's no question that the drone strikes have been effective in disabling and disbanding terrorist groups like the Taliban and like. Al Qaeda. At the same time though there are questions as to whether the strikes are necessary and proportional and appropriate, and whether the civilian deaths are disproportionate to the military advantage that drone strikes offer. Damien Carrick: It was interesting to read that following last week's Israeli strike on weapons stored near Damascus airport there were reports of a drone coming from Syrian territory crossing into Israel before it was knocked out of the sky. It's pretty unclear where that drone came from but it's quite likely it was a non- state actor like Hezbollah. So drones are now being used I guess on both sides of the conflict, can we put it that way? Sara Smyth: Absolutely. And it's true that drones have fallen into the hands of Hezbollah and they have actually been used by Hezbollah. Damien Carrick: These are incredibly complicated issues. Do you have a view about when they should and they shouldn't be used to kill people, to assassinate people? Sara Smyth: Yes, as a military weapon they can only be used in accordance with international law, including international humanitarian and human rights law. And essentially that means that the use of force can only be exercised lawfully under international law. It's not to be used against civilian populations, and states are required to minimise collateral damage and unintended injury. As well, states need to maintain certain requirements and meet certain requirements to use force lawfully in self- defence, and to be justified that needs to be carried out consistent with article 5. UN Charter. So there must first be an armed attack, although the degree of state involvement required is debated. The armed attack must actually be happening or be imminent. And third, the actions taken in self- defence must be necessary and proportionate. Damien Carrick: Very complicated issues, again, in terms of insurgencies, terrorist attacks and what have you, how do you define everything. Sara Smyth: Absolutely. Damien Carrick: When these drones are used in assassinations on enemy controlled territory, what are their dimensions? Buku Manajemen Pemasaran Philip Kotler Edisi 1. Jilid 1 Pdf. Pdf. To find more books about buku manajemen pemasaran philip kotler edisi 1. Philip Kotler Manajemen Pemasaran Pdf, Pdf Ebook Manajemen Pemasaran Philip Kotler, Ebook Manajemen Pemasaran Philip Kotler, Pdf. Manajemen Pemasaran Kotler, Ebook Manajemen Pemasaran Kotler, Buku Aljabar Linear Jilid 1 Edisi 8 Howard Anton, Buku Howard Anton Aljabar Linear Elementer Jilid- 1 Edisi Baru. 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